A couple of days ago I wrote about the great weather we have been having and ended it by hoping I didn’t jinx us. When we got to the lobby of the hotel we were both startled when we saw it was raining outside. We had planned a day of exploring the sites of Thessaloniki so rain was not something we wanted to see. I made a quick check of the weather and it showed showers most of the day, so we borrowed an umbrella from the hotel and headed out.
The old town district called Anopoli was our first stop of the day. It was a fortified district and a large section of the walls are still intact, the area around the walls is an UNESCO world heritage site. Our second surprise of the day was that it was quite a climb to Anopoli. Just as we arrived in the district Ton spotted a monastery so we went in.
Thessaloniki was founded around 350 BC and was named after the sister of Alexander the Great who was the wife of the founder. Like much of Greece the region has been under multiple rulers in its history. The history during the 20th century was especially turbulent. In 1900 the city was a multi-cultural city and was known as the only city in Europe where Jews made up the highest percentage of the population. The city was 39% Jewish, 29% Turkish, 25% Greek, and 7% was made up of Bulgars, Roma, and other nationalities.
During the period just before WWI the Ottomans and the Greeks fought a series of wars primarily over control of the region centered on Thessaloniki. Eventually the Greeks won control of the region, unfortunately one of the first ethnic purges of modern times took place after the wars. Even though the Turkish population outnumbered the Greeks in the city they were forced to leave and relocate to Turkey. The Turks also forced out the Greek minority that was located within their borders. These purges still effect the relations between the two countries.
An interesting note is that there is a museum dedicated to Kamal Ataturk who is considered to be the founding father of modern Turkey who was born here. But it is not open to the general public, but requires an appointment be made thru the Turkish consulate.
Unfortunately the history of the Jewish residents of the city is even sadder. After the takeover by the Greeks restrictions were put on the Jewish residents that started a period of high Emigration to other countries. During WWII Greece was occupied by the Germans and the Jewish population was swallowed up by the concentration camps. As a percentage the Jewish population of Greece suffered the highest casualty rate of any country in the holocaust. Today there are only about 2000 Jews left in Thessaloniki.
Our next stop was the Rotunda of Galerius built around 306 AD by the Tetrach of Thessaloniki Galerius. He intended it to be his mausoleum and it was adjacent to his palace. However, on his death he was buried elsewhere and it became a church. After the Ottoman Empire took over the church was turned into a mosque and the minaret was added. Then in 1912 after the Greeks conquered the city it was again turned into a church. It is now a museum.
Not far from the rotunda is a large Byzantine Arch of Triumph also dedicated to Galerius. Galerius led a Byzantine army that defeated the Persians in a war and he had this arch built to commemorate the victory. The relief showing scenes from the war is quite interesting. It originally had one large arch and 4 smaller arches.
Our last stop on our tour of historic sites in Thessaloniki was the White Tower. The White Tower is an Ottoman fort that was built to guard the waterfront of Thessaloniki. Today it is a museum.
After our long walk we headed down the waterfront to do our favorite thing in Greece, eat. We enjoyed our meal and then headed back to the hotel for a well deserved rest.
Despite the cold and wet weather we really enjoyed our day in Thessaloniki. We found the history fascinating and enjoyed the vibrancy of the people. The second city of Greece is certainly a fascinating place to visit and deserves to be better known outside of Greece.
